• Under most circumstances NO is a potent endogenous

  2022-05-31

  

  Under most circumstances, NO is a potent endogenous vasodilator. Therefore, its involvement in an endothelium-dependent contraction seems paradoxical, to say the least. Soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) is the major downstream target of NO; its inhibition results in the lack of vasoconstrictor response

• Toxoplasma gondii is an exceptionally tractable apicomplexan

  2022-05-31

  

  Toxoplasma gondii is an exceptionally tractable apicomplexan parasite that expresses a limited yet representative subset of apicomplexan cyclase orthologs, making it an ideal model for investigating cyclic nucleotide signaling in Apicomplexa. Of the five putative nucleotide cyclases, only TgACα1 and

• The GPR receptor is also emerging

  2022-05-31

  

  The GPR55 receptor is also emerging as an important therapeutic target. GPR55−/− mice possess no overt phenotype, but were protected in models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain (Staton et al., 2008). Staton et al. (2008) reported that no GPR55 mRNA could be detected by RT-PCR in the animals. Also

• br Introduction Methylglyoxal MG is

  2022-05-31

  

  Introduction Methylglyoxal (MG) is a highly reactive dicarbonyl metabolite formed in cells mainly by the spontaneous degradation of triose phosphates, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (Rabbani and Thornalley, 2012). It exists in a wide range of organisms, including proto

• In insects structural cuticular proteins CPs play important

  2022-05-31

  

  In insects, structural cuticular proteins (CPs) play important roles in determining the diverse physical properties of the cuticle, depending on developmental stages, as well as different body regions, as a result of interactions with other CPs and the structural biopolymer chitin [4]. Many studies

• br Introduction Glucose is the major carbon source in

  2022-05-31

  

  Introduction Glucose is the major carbon source in most organisms. Cancer conotoxin in particular require a steady source of energy to maintain growth and proliferation, and preferentially use glycolysis for their energy supply even under aerobic conditions. Glucose uptake in mammals is mainly m

• Ketamine has recently been found to exert rapid

  2022-05-31

  

  Ketamine has recently been found to exert rapid and sustained antidepressant effect. Single dose ketamine can have an efficacy of up to 1 week [20]. Furthermore, ketamine is an effective drug against refractory depression [21,22]. The antidepressant mechanism of ketamine is still unclear. Whether CO

• br Anti Factor Xa methods for DiXaIs measurement in plasma

  2022-05-30

  

  Anti-Factor Xa methods for DiXaIs measurement in plasma Concerning Anti-Factor Xa methods, there is an excellent correlation between the 1-stage and 2-stage Anti-assays as shown in Fig. 6, and the concentrations measured are very similar with all methods. These methods and the DiXaI concentration

• br Discussion The initial reduction and

  2022-05-30

  

  Discussion The initial reduction and the subsequent increase in permeability proposes a regulatory process to control bleeding. However, following repeated injury, or during long-term presence of the inflammatory stimuli, these mechanisms may become defective and even detrimental. The expression

• br Acknowledgments R Dalmann has obtained a

  2022-05-30

  

  Acknowledgments R. Dalmann has obtained a “bourse Cifre” (grant 304/2011) from the ‘Association Nationale de la Recherche Technique’ and Bristol-Myers-Squibb. Introduction Endocannabinoids, their molecular targets (receptors), their synthetic and degrading enzymes and proteins that transport

• Signaling pathways such as BMP FGF and WNT

  2022-05-30

  

  Signaling pathways such as BMP, FGF, and WNT are strongly involved in the process of endochondral ossification and Meckel's cartilage development [20]. Interestingly, absence of BMP antagonist, Noggin, in Meckel's cartilage, resulted in a phenotype, very similar to that of Setdb1 CKO [16]. To examin

• Regulation of gene expression in mammalian

  2022-05-30

  

  Regulation of gene expression in mammalian cells is governed by the epigenetic machinery, which includes several distinctive yet entangled branches. DNA and histone modifying enzymes, non-coding regulatory RNAs, and ATPase-dependent chromatin remodeling proteins all contribute to the dynamic alterat

• Production of reactive oxygen species

  2022-05-30

  

  Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at the site of pathogen attack following recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) is regarded as one of the initial plant immune responses. ROS accumulation can induce a hypersensitive reaction in host plants, thereby causing programme

• br Conflict of interest br Introduction HAT is the

  2022-05-30

  

  Conflict of interest Introduction HAT1 is the founding member of an expanding class of enzymes known as type B histone acetyltransferases (HATs). HATs are divided into two categories, type A and type B [1]. The type A HATs are nuclear enzymes that acetylate histones in the context of then and

• HOs can be found in both plants

  2022-05-30

  

  HOs can be found in both plants and animals and they are evolutionarily conserved proteins [8]. There are two HO isoenzymes: inducible heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and constitutive heme oxygenase-2 (HO-2) encoded by different genes [9,10]. Biosynthesis of a stress-inducible HO-1 can be triggered by a var

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